Publicis Groupe, a French multinational advertising and public relations company, completed the acquisition of Epsilon, a provider of unrivaled data intelligence and customer insights, from Alliance Data, a provider of loyalty and marketing services for $4.1bn. Goldman Sachs Private Equity and Advent also proposed their bids. “Our clients are facing increasing pressure from the rise in consumer expectations, the mainstreaming of direct-to-consumer brands and new data regulations. The only response is to deliver personalized experiences at scale. They have to transform to meet this new market imperative," Arthur Sadoun, Publicis Groupe Chairman and CEO.